Este artículo explora el modo en que durante la Antigüedad tardía fueron representados paisajes idealizados en descripciones literarias bajo la forma de ekphrasis tomando como punto de partida un pasaje del Fedro de Platón. Puede ser percibido cómo estas representaciones fuera de las ciudades (especialmente desiertos), se convierten en espacios privilegiados para la apropiación de la subjetividad y además una oportunidad para crear una nueva manera de considerar el conocimiento y la ética, a través de la figura social de los (...) anacoretas y los padres del desierto, en consonancia con una matriz cosmológica particular. Este fenómeno es presentado como una intersección entre la tradición platónica y nuevas transformaciones en la sociedad tardoantigua. De la valoración del conocimiento generado adentro de las murallas de la ciudad en la Atenas de Platón, a la experiencia extramuros en paisajes abiertos, donde explorar la propia interioridad es el principal objetivo de miles de subjetividades que habitaban las afueras de varias ciudades posclásicas. (shrink)

El jaramillismo fue y es, puesto que aún existen decenas o centenas de labriegos que se reclaman jaramillistas, un movimiento social, prioritariamente agrario, que se ubica específicamente en el estado de Morelos y partes de Puebla y Guerrero. La figura de un excapitán del Ejército Libertador del Sur, se va a convertir en el principal impulsor de las diversas luchas en las que participan los campesinos sureños organizados en torno a Rubén Jaramillo. El enfrentamiento con los sectores hegemónicos del Estado (...) de Morelos, abarca desde los lejanos años veintes, hasta el asesinato de su dirigente en 1962. Todas las tácticas fueron empleadas por esta tendencia rural, la demanda de tierras y créditos, la formación de cooperativas de producción y consumo, las huelgas en el ingenio de Zacatepec, la fundación de un partido político, con la finalidad de participar en procesos electorales y cuando se cerraban las opciones, la lucha armada. Siempre pugnando por que se cumplieran los postulados agraristas del Plan de Villa de Ayala y desde luego, del contenido del artículo 27 constitucional. Nunca fueron resueltos los problemas sociales, políticos y económicos, que presentaba Rubén Jaramillo en su incansable confrontación con los grupos hegemónicos y su representante el partido oficial PRI. A pesar de contar con una amnistía que le había otorgado el gobierno de Adolfo López Mateos, el dirigente social, fue acribillado en unión de su familia en la zona arqueológica de Xochicalco en mayo de 1962. Una vez más el sistema político de esta nación, había deshonrado su palabra Palabras clave: Jaramillismo, nacionalismo revolucionario, clandestino, guerrilla, hegemonía. (shrink)

El jaramillismo fue y es, puesto que aún existen decenas o centenas de labriegos que se reclaman jaramillistas, un movimiento social, prioritariamente agrario, que se ubica específicamente en el estado de Morelos y partes de Puebla y Guerrero. La figura de un excapitán del Ejército Libertador del Sur, se va a convertir en el principal impulsor de las diversas luchas en las que participan los campesinos sureños organizados en torno a Rubén Jaramillo. El enfrentamiento con los sectores hegemónicos del Estado (...) de Morelos, abarca desde los lejanos años veintes, hasta el asesinato de su dirigente en 1962. Todas las tácticas fueron empleadas por esta tendencia rural, la demanda de tierras y créditos, la formación de cooperativas de producción y consumo, las huelgas en el ingenio de Zacatepec, la fundación de un partido político, con la finalidad de participar en procesos electorales y cuando se cerraban las opciones, la lucha armada. Siempre pugnando por que se cumplieran los postulados agraristas del Plan de Villa de Ayala y desde luego, del contenido del artículo 27 constitucional. Nunca fueron resueltos los problemas sociales, políticos y económicos, que presentaba Rubén Jaramillo en su incansable confrontación con los grupos hegemónicos y su representante el partido oficial PRI. A pesar de contar con una amnistía que le había otorgado el gobierno de Adolfo López Mateos, el dirigente social, fue acribillado en unión de su familia en la zona arqueológica de Xochicalco en mayo de 1962. Una vez más el sistema político de esta nación, había deshonrado su palabra Palabras clave: Jaramillismo, nacionalismo revolucionario, clandestino, guerrilla, hegemonía. (shrink)

Luis Jiménez Moreno murió en octubre de 2007 a los 77 años de edad. Durante los últimos 30 años perteneció a la Universidad Complutense, de la que llegó a ser catedrático. Había estudiado en Salamanca, Roma, Valencia y Munich. Su tesis doctoral sobre el pensamiento antropológico de Nietzsche fue dirigida por Aranguren. Fue catedrático de instituto en Andújar, Ávila y Badalona, y profesor de universidad en Barcelona y Madrid. El presente artículo recoge los datos fundamentales de su vida, así como (...) toda su obra dividida en libros, artículos, ensayos, conferencias, ponencias y comunicaciones en congresos, seminarios, simposios, reuniones científicas, etc. (shrink)

The work of Anthony J. Steinbock on emotions―particularly moral emotions―and on religious experience is closely related to a methodological claim. This claim is that the concepts of “experience” and “manifestation” should be understood in a broader manner than that of classical phenomenology, particularly Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology. In this paper, I examine the way in which Steinbock understands and conceptualizes the kind of givenness to which he refers with the notion of “vertical experience”. I focus on his claim that vertical experiences (...) are irreducible to the kind of experiences that can be described in terms of what he calls “provocation”, “presentation” and the “noesis-noema structure”. Even though I make a criticism of his assertion that the latter implies that they should not be understood as forms of givenness founded on the above-mentioned structure, I agree with some major implications that he draws from them. In the last part of the paper, I discuss his suggestion that the Husserlian conceptualization of emotional givenness should be revised to set forward their structure in terms of what he calls “evocation” and try to give additional reasons, drawn from Husserl himself, to support this claim. The paper comes concludes by stressing the relevance of Steinbock’s analyses concerning what he calls “idolatry”. I argue that his analyses of attitudes that negate the vertical dimension of experience have far reaching implications that go beyond the field of philosophy of religion and open new, promising paths for phenomenological research on social and moral problems. (shrink)

Há uma filosofia da diferença que precisa ser mais considerada nos nossos tempos, visto que se opõe à tradição filosófica identitária dos pré-socráticos à atualidade, que se apegou obstinadamente à ideia de identidade, que vislumbra o real, somente através da referência ao idêntico. Nessa perspectiva, os anseios e peculiaridades dos mais diversos movimentos sociais precisam ser ouvidos de modo mais efetivo pela filosofia e pela ciência. Mesmo nas ciências exatas, a teoria não é eterna, quanto mais nas sociais aplicadas, como (...) é na ciência da informação, e consequentemente, na organização do conhecimento. Posto isto, este trabalho tem como objetivo inter-relacionar alguns aspectos históricos da epistemologia geral com as epistemologias feministas, destacando-se a corrente pós-estruturalista. E assim, compreendermos alguns dos seus desdobramentos na organização do conhecimento, a fim de percebermos se ela está disposta a incorporar novas práticas, a partir de reinvindicações de movimentos, como o feminista. Constatamos que além de toda historicidade das relações de poder que tem raízes profundas e muito antigas, há nos dias hodiernos um grupo despreocupado em ratificar novas práticas mais humanizadas e coerentes às várias esferas, dentre as quais está a organização do conhecimento, por questões não só políticas, mas econômicas. (shrink)

Resumen En este artículo reflexiono sobre la posibilidad de conceptualizar los derechos humanos como hechos institucionales, lo cual permite enmarcarlos en una perspectiva más amplia que las meramente jurídicas y morales. La propuesta se basa en la ontología social de John Searle, aunque intento replantearla desde la fenomenología de Edmund Husserl y la teoría de los actos sociales de Adolf Reinach. En la parte final introduzco problemáticas relacionadas con el papel de los Estados nacionales en la institucionalización de los derechos (...) humanos. Para ello me apoyo en la idea de Hannah Arendt de que los derechos humanos presuponen el derecho a tener derechos y la pongo en relación con observaciones más recientes de especialistas.In this paper I reflect on the possibility of conceptualizing human rights as institutional facts. This aims to frame them in a broader perspective than a merely legal or moral one. The proposal is based on John Searle’s social ontology, but I attempt to think it over with the support of Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology and Adolf Reinach’s theory of social acts. In the final part I set forward problems related with the role of national States in institutionalizing human rights. To elaborate this point, I draw on Hannah Arendt’s idea that human rights presuppose the right to have rights and relate it with more recent observations of experts. (shrink)

Bilingualism has been shown to induce neuroplasticity in the brain, but conflicting evidence regarding its specific effects in grey matter continues to emerge, probably due to methodological differences between studies, as well as approaches that may miss the variability and dynamicity of bilingual experience. In our study, we devised a continuous score of bilingual experiences and we investigated their non-linear effects on regional GM volume in a sample of young healthy participants from an immersive and naturalistic bilingual environment. We focused (...) our analyses on cortical and subcortical regions that had been previously proposed as part of the bilingual speech pipeline and language control network. Our results showed a non-linear relationship between bilingualism score and grey matter volume of the inferior frontal gyrus. We also found linear increases in volumes of putamen and cerebellum as a function of bilingualism score. These results go in line with predictions for immersive and naturalistic bilingual environments with increased intensity and diversity of language use and provide further evidence supporting the dynamicity of bilingualism’s effects on brain structure. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Defending a Phenomenological–Behavioral Perspective: Culture, Behavior, and ExperienceMarino Pérez-Álvarez (bio), José M. García-Montes (bio), Adolfo J. Cangas (bio), and Louis A. Sass (bio)KeywordsBehavior, contextual phenomenology, culture, experienceWe should like to express our sincere thanks to all the authors for their commentaries on our articles. Given the restrictions of space (a limitation they too had to contend with), we can only respond to a few aspects of their interesting (...) remarks. We shall reply of course on the basis of our own approach—an approach that sets out to integrate culture, behavior, and experience, and that might be termed contextual phenomenology, phenomenological behaviorism, or perhaps most accurately (albeit more awkwardly), the phenomenological–behavioral perspective.In her commentary, Ibáñez-Guerra (2008), referring to the target articles “Phenomenology and behaviorism” (Pérez-Álvarez, Sass, and Cangas 2008) and “The role of superstition in psychopathology” (García-Montes et al. 2008), wonders whether our maintaining of the spirit of Skinner, as well as our recourse to phenomenology, might not themselves represent forms of superstitious behavior. She points out that it is not always a good idea to put new wine in old barrels. For her, the new wine and new barrels would be represented by social constructivism, of which she is reminded by some aspects of our work. But in making her own case, Ibáñez-Guerra (2008) reveals certain common prejudices concerning behaviorism, prejudices that have apparently persisted even after reading our article. Thus, for example, she does not see operant behavior as incorporating intentionality (what, in the target article, is presented in terms of final causality), because she assumes that intentionality would necessarily imply a mentalist and dualist notion involving a supposed internal mental entity that causes behavior. Skinner (1974) himself noted and rejected this very assumption in a passage that clearly distinguishes his own approach from what he calls a “stimulus-response formula”: “Possibly no charge,” he wrote,is more often leveled against behaviorism or a science of behavior than that it cannot deal with purpose or intention. A stimulus-response formula has no answer, but operant behavior is the very field of purpose and [End Page 281] intention. By its nature it is directed toward the future: a person acts in order that something will happen, and the order is temporal.(pp. 55–6)The place Skinner gives to intentionality and purpose is elaborated in our target article.Furthermore, Ibáñez-Guerra (2008) assumes that, on methodological grounds, Skinner rejects all that is not observable, or at least that cannot be operationalized. This, however, is simply incorrect, at least as regards Skinner’s radical behaviorism. As the reader may recall, radical (as opposed to methodological) behaviorism is neither operationalist nor does it reject private or subjective events because of their unobservability. Indeed, Skinner specifically acknowledges that such events are in fact observable—at least for one person: the subject him- or herself. The question for Skinner is to understand how the part of the world that is only observable and experiential for oneself is constructed or formed. In the end, it turns out that radical behaviorism is more radical, in the Aristotelian ontological sense (see Pérez-Alvarez, Sass, and García-Montes 2008), than post-modern constructionism. Indeed, as we remarked, radical behaviorism can still surprise us today. Similarly, phenomenology is starting to be missed in the clinical context (Andreasen 2007). We believe that radical behaviorism and phenomenology, mutually readjusted, are in fact excellent wines for the times we live in—if only we knew how to appreciate them.In their commentary on “Phenomenology and behaviorism: A mutual readjustment,” Fletcher and Hayes (2008) argue that the philosophy and theory of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)/Relational Frame Theory (RFT) already contain the salutary aspects of phenomenology that we highlight in our target article. Their insistence on reducing the affinities we find between phenomenology and behaviorism to ACT/RFT consists, in our view, in a scientific–technical argument that is more scientistic than strictly philosophical in nature. Their insistence on the scientific–technical argument itself implies an unclarified philosophical assumption. On what grounds do experimental data constitute the last word? Has... (shrink)

El TEDH se ha servido de los criterios de interpretación evolutivo y sistemático en la interpretación del CEDH, que le han permitido desarrollar una jurisprudencia sobre el derecho a la eutanasia en la que reconoce un amplio margen de apreciación a los Estados, por lo que es compatible con el CEDH tanto prohibir como permitir la eutanasia, siempre que el Estado garantice el derecho a la vida de las personas vulnerables. El Tribunal Constitucional español ha declarado la constitucionalidad de la (...) Ley Orgánica de regulación de la Eutanasia 3/2021, mediante una argumentación jurídica basada en la doctrina del TEDH. (shrink)

En un contexto de transformaciones profundas en la sociedad boliviana, el autor plantea que más que una nueva teoría de la sociedad boliviana se requiere desarrollar otra mirada. En esta dirección, el presente artículo busca plantear un esquema renovado sobre las referencias desde las cuales deben encuadrar el debate los bolivianos y bolivianas. El texto aborda la construcción de matrices culturales, explicitando la moderna y la andina, y conecta matriz cultural con institucionalidad, para proponer una institucionalidad andina.

The aim of the present paper is to attack some of the conceptual problems that arise when the framework of mathematical learning theory is applied to the description of the behavior of the firm, in setting prices and production quotas, in a competitive market. The goal is to depict the process by which the firm fixes prices and production quotas as a stochastic learning process. A solution to such problems is proposed which is based on statistical-decision concepts. The conceptualization of (...) the behavior of the firm by means of concepts pertaining to mathematical learning theory gives rise to certain mathematical problems, which are formulated here in rather precise terms. (shrink)

In this paper I examine the structure of hope and trust from a phenomenological perspective in order to analyze the kinds of beliefs, valuings, and practical dispositions involved in them. I claim that there are some basic aspects of the social world that would be inconceivable without the feeling components of these attitudes. However, since these attitudes are only rational in as far as they involve rational beliefs, valuings, and practical assumptions, a complex theory of reason that deals with these (...) three domains is necessary to understand what is at stake in them. Accordingly, I attempt to sketch central aspects of the Husserlian pluralistic conception of reason and highlight the way in which, when they are rational, the valuings involved both in hope and trust open new possibilities to act in rational or meaningful ways. This leads me to stress the role of the feelings involved in these attitudes, for I claim that such valuings or axiological assessments are based on them. I argue that hope allows us to act rationally in the face of uncertainty and what lies beyond our control. In the final part I elaborate on the idea that trust is founded on hope. I examine what happens when hope is expressed and how being found trustworthy by others implies being capable of establishing all kinds of social relationships, including relationships in which the trusted one is dominated. This opens the possibility of raising ethical questions concerning trusting and responding to the trust of others. (shrink)

In this article, I present the structural consequences generated by the continuous and systematic epistemic injustices carried out in certain communities or institutions. These injustices contribute to building a structure of silencing, denial of epistemic authority, cover-up and impunity. The importance of the normative aspect that guides the reflections about these injustices will be exposed in two senses: on the one hand, insofar as it is necessary to have criteria that allow establishing the truth in the background of evaluation of (...) epistemic injustices and, on the other, in the sense of specifying how systematically attempting against it produces almost irreversible epistemic damage and guarantees the perpetuation of the structure. It will be shown how this happens within the framework of a powerful institution such as the Catholic Church, which has exhibited a pattern of testimonial injustices and the cover-up of abuses within it for decades. (shrink)

According to Husserl, the mathematization of the lifeworld involves reducing it, as object of knowledge, to what is measurable, as well as excluding other forms of knowledge of it. This has important implications in relation to the modern conception of rationality, and, significantly, of practical rationality. More precisely, it issues in an impoverishment of the notion of reason. This article examines the idea that the process of commodification associated with the consolidation and expansion of capitalism has motivated another aspect of (...) the mathematization of nature to which Husserl alludes: the mathematization of value. Born from capitalist economy and from practical attitudes, this mathematization of value is a tendency to reduce all value to use value. In such context, this article offers a phenomenological reflection on the crisis of modern rationality, especially in relation to the difficulty to undertake collective actions that follow logics that are different from that of the accumulation of capital, based on the examination of this other aspect of the mathematization of the lifeworld. (shrink)

Este texto apresenta alguns elementos para se pensar a educação na vida e na obra de Espinosa.

Aquest article reflexiona el model educatiu català i les implicacions del model de relacions amb la diversitat cultural a l’entorn educatiu, sobretot als àmbits de la socialització i l’ús de la llengua catalana, com a marcadors identitaris simbòlics rellevants. A més d’això, es reflexiona sobre els grups minoritaris a l’entorn educatiu català, en especial els alumnes d’origen no comunitari i d’origen gitano i les seves relacions amb la comunitat d’acollida.This article reflects on the Catalan educational model and the implications of (...) this model on the relations with the cultural diversity on the educational environment, especially on the socialisation and the use of the Catalan language, as relevant symbolic identity markers. On top of that, it reflects on the minority groups on the Catalan educational system, specially about the students of immigrant backgrounds and from Gipsy origin, and their social relations with the hostess community. (shrink)

Today, people are better informed about environmental degradation than ever before. However, this does not imply that people are more engaged toward ecological issues nor are they more committed to achieve greater ecological justice. In this respect, environmental education is paradigmatic: the current generation of young people is, by far and without any doubt, the most knowledgeable and aware of environmental problems thanks, among other things, to the presence since the end of the 20th century of environmental education in primary (...) and secondary school. However, levels of commitment to ecological issues that are significantly higher than before are not observed, except when it comes to individual pro-environmental behavior. How to link environmental awareness with a collective, political, ecosocial and ecocitizen commitment? In order to advance avenues for reflection on this issue, firstly this article presents the elements that characterize the current ecosocial crisis. Secondly, it addresses the ecosocial crisis as a crisis of knowledge that ultimately points to the challenge of transforming the visions of the world. Thirdly, it considers the ecosocial crisis as an opportunity that opens up the possibility of creating new worlds on the planet. Fourthly, the ecosocial crisis is presented as a crisis of contemporary education. Fifthly, it summarizes the two risks to consider in the practice of ecosocial education: the risk of dogmatism and the risk of blaming individuals for global problems. Finally, some clues are proposed that point to the Philosophy for children program as a program that can support the educational practice needed by the current educational and ecosocial crisis, as well as limits recognized risks of ecosocial education. (shrink)

The aim of the present paper is to provide a logical reconstruction of the Marxian Theory of Value. This reconstruction is based upon the concept of abstract as opposed to that of homogeneous labor. Abstract labour is a social relation that holds in a market economy, (at least) whenever the profit rate is uniform; it consists in a comparison of the different labors through the exchange relationship. The author proved in a different place (see García de la Sienra, 1987) that (...) there exists a mathematical representation of abstract labor which is unique up to similarity transformations. The existence of this function — which is none other than the value function — is the basis of the present axiomatization, which includes detailed reconstructions of two of the most important models of the theory. (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo destaca el lugar fundamental que Hegel da al concepto de Pietät en la conformación ética de la comunidad occidental y su influencia en el pensamiento social. Con base en la tesis hegeliana del origen artístico-religioso de la filosofía, el artículo ubica la Pietät en la lectura que Hegel hizo de la Antígona de Sófocles, y se guía por tres conceptos estructurantes: ley, revelación y conciliación, destacando el lugar radical de la mujer en la humanización de la comunidad, (...) por lo que se conforma en dos partes generales: la exposición preponderantemente masculina y el arribo al planteamiento femenino como intento de superación de la filosofía. Por ello, este trabajo se apoya en la interpretación que hacen algunos pensadores sociales de la lectura hegeliana de la Antígona y concluye que el concepto de Pietät constituye un marco fundamental para el pensamiento de Hegel para revelar el componente sustancial humano-comunitario de la civilización moderna.: This article highlights the fundamental place that Hegel gives to the concept of Pietät in the ethical conformation of the Western community and its influence on social thought. Based on the Hegelian thesis of the artistic-religious origin of philosophy, this work locates concept of Pietät in the reading that Hegel made of Sophocles’ Antigone. Which is why this article is guided by three structuring concepts: law, revelation, and conciliation, standing out the radical site of women in the humanization of civilization, so it is built on two general parts: the preponderantly male exposure and the arriving to a female approach as a try of overcome philosophy. It is why this writing leans on the interpretation some social researchers have made of Hegelian’s reading of Antigone and concludes that the concept of Pietät makes a fundamental framework to Hegel’s thought to reveal the substantial human-communitary component of modern civilization. (shrink)

Abduction is or subsumes a process of inference. It entertains possible hypotheses and it chooses hypotheses for further scrutiny. There is a large literature on various aspects of non-symbolic, subconscious abduction. There is also a very active research community working on the symbolic (logical) characterisation of abduction, which typically treats it as a form of hypothetico-deductive reasoning. In this paper we start to bridge the gap between the symbolic and sub-symbolic approaches to abduction. We are interested in benefiting from developments (...) made by each community. In particular, we are interested in the ability of non-symbolic systems (neural networks) to learn from experience using efficient algorithms and to perform massively parallel computations of alternative abductive explanations. At the same time, we would like to benefit from the rigour and semantic clarity of symbolic logic. We present two approaches to dealing with abduction in neural networks. One of them uses Connectionist Modal Logic and a translation of Horn clauses into modal clauses to come up with a neural network ensemble that computes abductive explanations in a top-down fashion. The other combines neural-symbolic systems and abductive logic programming and proposes a neural architecture which performs a more systematic, bottom-up computation of alternative abductive explanations. Both approaches employ standard neural network architectures which are already known to be highly effective in practical learning applications. Differently from previous work in the area, our aim is to promote the integration of reasoning and learning in a way that the neural network provides the machinery for cognitive computation, inductive learning and hypothetical reasoning, while logic provides the rigour and explanation capability to the systems, facilitating the interaction with the outside world. Although it is left as future work to determine whether the structure of one of the proposed approaches is more amenable to learning than the other, we hope to have contributed to the development of the area by approaching it from the perspective of symbolic and sub-symbolic integration. (shrink)

RESUMEN Se analiza la relación entre las memorias inscritas en el cuerpo, el trauma y los recursos corporizados subjetivos y colectivos con los que cuentan las mujeres víctimas de violencia para reconstruir y resignificarse como personas dignas de credibilidad y agentes de cambio. Se refieren casos específicos de violencia sexual en Colombia y se expone la importancia de la creación de comunidades de confianza que propicien espaclos para la narración y escucha de los testimonlos de víctimas, la tramitación de conflictos (...) y nuevas vías de afrontamiento, a partir de los recursos que brinda la reinvención de hábitos corporizados en el arte. ABSTRACT The article analyzes the relation among memories inscribed in the body, trauma, and the subjective and collective embodied resources available to women victims of violence in order to reconstruct and resignify themselves as persons worthy of credibility and as agents of change. It discusses specific cases of sexual violence in Colombia and the importance of creating communities of trust that foster spaces for narrating and listening to the testimonies of victims, as well as for handling conflicts and exploring new ways of coping, on the basis of the resources provided by the reinvention of habits embodied in art. (shrink)

El paciente en estado crítico reviste una especial importancia al desarrollar investigaciones, debido a que ha perdido o visto reducida su autonomía. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar el uso de los principios éticos de Ezequiel J. Emanuel, como guía en el desarrollo de investigaciones en pacientes críticos. Se realizó una revisión integrativa en las bases de datos WoS, PUBMED, SCOPUS y SciELO, y se encontraron 545 artículos de los cuales ocho cumplieron con los criterios previamente definidos. En estos (...) se identificó la descripción de los ocho principios de Emanuel, los cuales demostraron constituir un marco integral y sistemático de utilidad para orientar la conducta ética en la población analizada, siendo la ‘validez científica’ el principio más descrito en la investigación del paciente crítico, seguido del principio de ‘consentimiento informado’. (shrink)

The life of Saint Teresa of Jesus, the most famous mystic of sixteenth-century Spain, was characterized by recurrent visions and states of ecstasy. In this paper, we examine social components related to Teresa’s personal crises and the historical conditions of her times, factors that must be taken into account to understand these unusual forms of experience and behavior. Many of these factors (e.g., increasing individualism and reflexivity) are precursors of the condition of modern times. Indeed, certain parallels can be observed (...) between Saint Teresa and certain present-day psychopathological disorders. The analogy should not, however, be carried too far. Religion played a particularly crucial role in Teresa’s cultural context; as a result, it would be misleading to view her mystical experiences as resulting from a mental disorder. (shrink)

In the Platonic dialogue that bears his name, Protagoras in a myth and in a logos positively affirms the absolute character of universal moral values, such as force themselves upon all men; this makes one think that the famous man-measure dictum was subservient to the ends that the sophist had in view as a teacher of areté. Indeed, his condemnation in that dialogue of the sophists who, like Hippias, included in their teaching mathematical and naturalistic studies must be connected with (...) the criticism of mathematics reported by an Aristotelian text. These studies, that is to say purely theoretic disciplines, were considered by Protagoras not only useless for the spiritual formation of men and citizens, but also void of any certitude and objectivity whatever. We feel therefore allowed to suggest that also the man-measure principle had to perform an office of the same kind: to show that natural philosophy could not yield an objective knowledge of φύσις which formed its object, because such knowledge is denied to man. (shrink)

We give proofs of Ramsey’s and Hindman’s theorems in which the corresponding homogeneous sets are found with a forcing argument. The object of this paper is the study of the partial order involved in the proof of Hindman’s theorem. We are going to denote it by PFIN\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathbb{P}_{FIN}}$$\end{document}. As a main result, we prove that Mathias forcing does not add Matet reals, which implies that PFIN\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} (...) \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathbb{P}_{FIN}}$$\end{document} is not equivalent to Mathias forcing. (shrink)